Singular lightning

Lightning Discharge and Fundamentals of Lightning Protection

A review of lightning protection concepts introduced by Benjamin Franklin (18th century) and James Clerk Maxwell (19th century) is given. Modern approaches to lightning protection of various structures and systems are discussed. In particular, the widely used electrogeometrical model (one version of which is the Rolling Sphere Method) and the topological shielding are presented. Bonding require...

Lightning Protection

Lightning causes deaths, injuries, damages, and significant costs and losses around the world. The global lightning flash rate is in the range of 40 to 100 lightning flashes per second, of which about 30 % are cloud-to-ground flashes. The development of theoretical and experimental researches is crucial for a better understanding of the physical phenomenon and for the characterization of lightn...

Lightning injuries.

Lightning is persistently one of the leading causes of death caused by environmental or natural disaster. To understand the pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries one must first discount the innumerable myths, superstitions, and misconceptions surrounding lightning. The fundamental difference between high voltage electrical injury and lightning is the duration of exposure to curren...

Lightning Accident

Mechanisms of Lightning Injury Should Affect Lightning Safety Messages

The vast majority of newspaper reports of lightning injury portray direct strike as the predominant mechanism. However, direct strike actually causes only a small number of the injuries. This paper will review the mechanisms of injury as well as a likely distribution between the mechanisms of injury in an attempt to dispel the myth that the majority of injuries and deaths are caused by 'direct'...